What are forms of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)?
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) encompass various medical procedures and techniques that aid in achieving pregnancy when natural conception is challenging or not possible. Here are some common forms of ART:
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). IVF is the most well-known and widely used form of ART. It involves the retrieval of eggs from the ovaries, which are then fertilized with sperm in a laboratory setting. The resulting embryos are cultured for a few days before being transferred into the uterus. IVF can be used to address various fertility issues, including tubal factor infertility, male factor infertility, ovulation disorders, and unexplained infertility.
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). ICSI is a technique used in conjunction with IVF. It involves the injection of a single sperm directly into an egg to facilitate fertilization. ICSI is typically employed when there are male infertility factors, such as low sperm count or poor sperm quality.
Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT). PGT is a specialized technique performed on embryos created through IVF. It allows for the screening of embryos for specific genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities before implantation. PGT can help identify embryos with the highest chances of successful implantation and reduce the risk of passing on certain genetic disorders.
Frozen Embryo Transfer (FET). FET involves the transfer of frozen embryos into the uterus at a later time, after they have been cryopreserved. This technique allows for the storage and subsequent use of excess embryos from a previous IVF cycle, increasing the chances of achieving pregnancy without the need for another full IVF cycle.
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT). GIFT involves the collection of both eggs and sperm, which are then immediately transferred into the fallopian tubes during a surgical procedure. Fertilization occurs within the woman’s body, mimicking natural conception. GIFT is less commonly performed today compared to other ART procedures.
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT). ZIFT combines aspects of IVF and GIFT. After fertilization occurs in the laboratory through IVF, the resulting zygote (fertilized egg) is transferred into the fallopian tubes. The zygote then travels down the fallopian tube for implantation in the uterus.
Donor Gametes. When individuals or couples are unable to use their own eggs or sperm, donor gametes can be used. Donor eggs or sperm are obtained from individuals who undergo thorough medical and genetic screening. These donor gametes can be used in IVF or ICSI procedures.
Surrogacy. Surrogacy involves another woman (the surrogate) carrying and delivering a pregnancy on behalf of individuals or couples who are unable to carry a pregnancy themselves. In gestational surrogacy, an embryo created through IVF is transferred into the surrogate’s uterus.
The choice of ART procedure depends on the specific fertility diagnosis, individual circumstances, and medical recommendations provided by healthcare professionals specializing in reproductive medicine. Each form of ART has its own considerations, success rates, and associated factors, and couples or individuals should consult with fertility specialists to determine the most suitable option for their unique situation.
