What is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), also known as seasonal depression, is a type of mood disorder characterized by recurrent depressive episodes that occur at specific times of the year, typically during fall and winter. It is believed to be related to the changes in seasons, particularly the reduced exposure to natural sunlight during these periods.
Here are some key features of Seasonal Affective Disorder:
Seasonal Pattern. SAD follows a seasonal pattern, with symptoms typically starting and ending around the same time each year. In most cases, symptoms begin in the late fall or early winter and subside in spring or summer. However, some individuals may experience a reverse pattern, where symptoms occur during the spring and summer months.
Depressive Symptoms. Individuals with SAD experience symptoms of depression, which may include:
- Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or emptiness.
- Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed.
- Changes in appetite, often craving carbohydrates and experiencing weight gain.
- Increased sleep duration or difficulty staying awake (hypersomnia).
- Fatigue, low energy levels, and decreased motivation.
- Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or maintaining productivity.
- Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt.
- Suicidal thoughts or behaviors (in severe cases).
Relationship to Sunlight. Reduced exposure to natural sunlight is believed to be a contributing factor to the development of SAD. The decrease in sunlight during fall and winter months can disrupt the body’s internal clock and affect certain brain chemicals, particularly serotonin, which plays a role in mood regulation.
Other Seasonal Patterns. Some individuals may experience specific seasonal changes in symptoms beyond depression. These can include increased anxiety, agitation, social withdrawal, increased sensitivity to rejection, or decreased interest in socializing.
