What are depressive and manic episodes?

Depressive and manic episodes are distinct periods of mood disturbance that occur in the context of bipolar disorders. Here’s a description of each:

Depressive Episodes. Depressive episodes are characterized by an intense and persistent low mood or sadness. During a depressive episode, individuals may experience the following symptoms:

• Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or emptiness.

• Loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities.

• Changes in appetite and weight, either significant weight loss or weight gain.

• Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or excessive sleeping.

• Fatigue or loss of energy.

• Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt.

• Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or experiencing slowed thinking.

• Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

• Depressive episodes can last for weeks or even months, and they significantly impact daily functioning and overall quality of life.

Manic Episodes. Manic episodes are characterized by an abnormally elevated or irritable mood accompanied by increased energy and activity levels. During a manic episode, individuals may experience the following symptoms:

• Euphoric or extremely irritable mood.

• Increased self-esteem or grandiosity.

• Decreased need for sleep without feeling tired.

• Racing thoughts, rapid speech, or jumping between ideas.

• Increased goal-directed activity or agitation.

• Engaging in high-risk behaviors, such as excessive spending, reckless driving, or sexual indiscretions.

• Poor judgment and impaired insight into the consequences of actions.

• In severe cases, psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations may occur.

Manic episodes are typically distinct from an individual’s usual mood and can last for at least one week. They can be intense and disruptive, leading to impaired functioning and potential harm to oneself or others.

It’s important to note that not all individuals with bipolar disorder experience both depressive and manic episodes. In Bipolar I Disorder, individuals must experience at least one manic episode, while in Bipolar II Disorder, hypomanic episodes (a milder form of mania) are present alongside depressive episodes. The duration, severity, and frequency of episodes can vary among individuals and within the bipolar spectrum.

Proper diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing management of bipolar disorders are crucial to help individuals effectively navigate and stabilize their mood episodes. Healthcare professionals, such as psychiatrists or psychologists, play a vital role in providing support, developing personalized treatment plans, and monitoring individuals with bipolar disorder.